Showing posts with label masters thesis. Show all posts
Showing posts with label masters thesis. Show all posts

Thursday, 16 June 2016

How to Finish?

It makes me feel just a little sad and wistful that this is the closing journal entry. The final reflection; the last words; the concluding summation. Without trying to sound too cliché (or maybe I am), it’s like a long, long physical journey almost completed – tired, a little bit worn-out; not stopping to take a break, but not wanting to either, the destination so close the air itself feels like it’s starting to change. But oh what an experience it has been! And so rather than focusing on the finishing just yet, I will spend a moment or two re-evaluating and reflecting on myself; the traveller.

There have been some definite ‘moments of crazy’ during the last couple of months (my sister can attest to the fact that to combat ‘writer’s block’ and inspire short bursts of literary brilliance I would listen to ‘The Circle of Life’ from The Lion King on repeat for…well, hours really). But, as I hope has been evident throughout all my posts, there have also been ‘moments of insight.’ And by purposefully engaging with the works of so many incredible scholars, theorists and authors, I feel absolutely at bursting point with fresh ideas and new, more complex ways of looking at and understanding the world.

To begin with, I want to revisit my own feminist position. I’ve noted previously that I’d “label myself as a 'middle-of-the-road' (as opposed to 'extremist' or 'radical') liberal feminist who believes that women are entitled to full legal and social equality with men, and that given equal environments and opportunities, males and females will behave similarly (Crawford, 2012).” I also acknowledged that this is an ideological position. However, when I was writing my discussion segment on Sheri S. Tepper’s dystopian novel, The Gate to Women’s Country, I was struck again by the inadequacy of either liberal feminism or cultural feminism (as the two most common ‘understandings’ of feminism) to describe the problems women face and prescribe any sort of overarching solution. But at the same time I want to be able to say “I am this” or “I am that” with a good dose of conviction and a sense of my own rightness!
While it might be a sweeping generalisation, Western society appears to place a lot of emphasis on the importance of taking a decisive side wherever there is room for an argument. And once you’ve subscribed to a particular camp, remaining solidly on your side of the line at all costs: don’t sit on the fence, don’t vacillate between ideas, don’t listen to the other side. Make yourself and your experiences right and brook no room for disagreement. It’s so tempting to subscribe to this way of thinking about everything, from feminism to religion and politics to sexuality. It’s as if we forget our own subjectivity, our mutability, and our predilection for contradiction, and conceive of ourselves as these objective, all-knowing godlike entities (to over-exaggerate only slightly!).

I’m including this observation from Le Guin (1986) because I think she gracefully sums up the problem and proposes a much better alternative:

Early this spring I met a musician, the composer Pauline Oliveros, a beautiful woman like a grey rock in a streambed; and to a group of us, women, who were beginning to quarrel over theories in abstract, objective language - and I with my splendid Eastern-women's-college training in the father tongue was in the thick of the fight and going for the kill - to us, Pauline, who is sparing with words, said after clearing her throat, "Offer your experience as your truth." There was a short silence. When we started talking again, we didn't talk objectively, and we didn't fight. We went back to feeling our way into ideas, using the whole intellect not half of it, talking with one another, which involves listening. We tried to offer our experience to one another. Not claiming something: offering something.

Maybe learning to say “I’m not sure, but this is my experience” or “that’s an equally valid philosophy/perspective/idea” with some conviction once in a while would be a very good thing. As my reading of The Gate to Women’s Country demonstrates, different feminist perspectives can look like equally valid alternatives depending on the circumstances you examine them under, and from what position you’re in at that moment. And so while I’m not 100% sure which ‘camp’ of feminism I should subscribe to, or even if there is much benefit in doing so (not feminism in general, obviously I’m still a feminist!), as Ladkin (2010) would say, my feelings of unease indicate I’m still in the midst of ‘questing’ for the right questions to ask myself when it comes to engaging with feminist theory at a deeper level, and, ultimately, that’s a very good thing!

Of course, I haven’t underpinned my thesis on unanchored whims and unfounded theories! By taking a multiplicity of approaches – liberal, cultural, and poststructuralist feminism (and a good dash of sociology) – in my thesis, I think/hope I am offering rather than claiming something: A particular way of looking at women and leadership that is broader, richer and, I hope, raises many more questions than it answers; expanding on possibilities rather than narrowing them.

Shaping or Being Shaped?


A couple of weeks ago I finished writing the discussion. It was hard work! I’d meticulously taken notes from all ten of the short listed texts (which took forever, I might add!) with all these grand ideas of how I was going to shape them into tidy little ‘lessons’ and illustrative examples to ‘fit’ my conceptual framework. I had my favourite examples that I wanted to use but I struggled in vain for several days trying to achieve the ‘fit’ that I wanted.

Of course, this was all very naive of me. As Sucher (2007) points out, stories have a life of their own. While the reader is integral in co-creating and drawing out ‘meanings’ from a narrative, the text itself cannot be re-written to suit our own purposes (and nor would it be ethical to try and do so). So it wasn’t until I consciously let go of my desire to control the stories (which partly arose from my panic about the approaching deadline!) and started instead to work alongside and with them that the words began to flow. In fact, once I became ‘less precious’ about which books and examples from the short list to use in the extended discussion, they essentially self-selected themselves. The theory which guided the conceptual framework and the fictional stories began to work together to illuminate one another and produce a set of fascinating guiding questions and ‘answers’ (I’m putting this in quote marks as these ‘answers’ served to produce more questions rather than neat solutions!), such as: Should I exercise ‘power-over’ or ‘power-with’ others? Am I aware of my own and others’ absent but present gendered expectations and their impact on the ‘leaderly’ engagements I participate in? How am I ‘storying’ myself as a leader?

While I, as the researcher, am directly involved in interpreting and creating meaning (and by no means perfectly), this ‘letting go’ also allowed the ideas being drawn out from the texts to shape me. I spent many nights lying in bed reflecting on The Lifeboat and asking what gendered expectations are shaping my perceptions of others, whether or not I’m asking the ‘right’ questions like Sarah Grimke in The Invention of Wings, or, as mentioned above, struggling with feminist theoretical perspectives on leadership after reading and writing about The Gate to Women’s Country.

And so there is no doubt in my mind that actively reading and engaging with women’s novels, plays and short stories can be transformative, if only we’re willing to look a little further, read a bit more carefully and examine ourselves with a touch more honesty.

Thank you, thank you, thank you!


How should I finish? Well, that’s quite simple really, with thank you’s of course! I know there’s an acknowledgements page in the thesis, but it seems almost more appropriate to end with a special thank you to all those who have been very closely involved in this project from its inception right up to its completion. (And, as an added bonus, I don’t quite have to be so formal here!).

To begin with, I feel immensely privileged that I was given the opportunity to try and make sense of just one tiny corner of the universe by writing a Master’s thesis. I couldn’t have done it without the tireless support and encouragement from my supervisors, Margot and Janet. Thank you Margot for always being so positive, encouraging and full of good ideas! After every meeting I always felt 10x more energised and ready to tackle any challenge. I would not have been able to write this thesis without you, so thank you for believing in me. Thank you Janet for encouraging me to stretch myself and explore new ideas. Your comments and feedback have been invaluable.

Thank you Mum, Dad and Grandma for always cheering me own, regularly checking-in to see how I’m doing and keeping me in your thoughts and prayers. I really do appreciate how you brought me up to love learning and taught me to always strive to do my best. Mum, thank you for reading so many of my assignments over the years – you have been the best teacher and the most wonderful encourager throughout my years and years of study. To my little sister Esther, thank you for not only being my favourite study buddy but also for reading everything that I was too nervous to send to anyone else first (and being so positive about it)!

But most of all, thank you to Mitchel, my amazingly supportive husband, who has had to (amidst the moments of achievement and excitement) wipe away tears, navigate mini-breakdowns, and spend many, many evenings and weekends without my company. Who has always made an effort to celebrate what I’m doing by reading my blogs, explaining my thesis to anyone who asks (and fend off many a snarky or critical remark!), and has tirelessly listened to and responded positively to my catchphrase: “But I still have so much to do!” <3


Wednesday, 9 September 2015

Still Time for Butterflies

15 novels.
3 short stories.
2 plays.

I’m starting to form the outline for my selection criteria. While I started my reading with a sketchy criteria already in place (i.e. stories written by women, strong female lead characters, identifiable moments of leadership, etc…), I decided not to stifle the wide array of options before getting a feel for what was available. Unlike Badaracco who chose ‘serious’ literature based on two rough tests: The “test of time,” are they classics?, and the test of “careful reading,” that is, do they have depth and richness? I always knew I wanted my selection to extend beyond ‘classics.’ I’ve scoured lists like:



But now, having read at least 20 pieces of women’s literature (most of which would classify, however subtly, as ‘feminist fiction’) and poured over summaries for over 50, the process itself has naturally brought forth a set of additional (unifying) criteria. I will outline them briefly here:
  • Well-reviewed, award-winning literature. Now, when I began this project, I wasn’t being very fussy about reviews or literary critiques…but, after reading a couple of popular fiction pieces which would never ever make it onto any classics list, I’ve refined my selection to books which have received some recognition from the ‘powers that be.’ Essentially, Badaracco’s ‘depth & richness’ test.
  • Historical elements/historical figures. This isn’t a be all & end all prescription, but historical fiction, whether being simply set in the past (i.e. 1950’s America, 1914 on the Atlantic, or the 1960s in the Dominican Republic) or featuring ‘real’ historical women (i.e. Sarah Grimke, Minerva Mirabal, Dinah daughter of Jacob, etc…), tend to be more focused on what it means to step beyond boundaries, expectations & the traditional delineations of femininity.
  • Grounded in reality & featuring a linear narrative. I really do love Ursula Le Guin’s science fiction stories (which is why there are several of her books/short stories on the list!) and ‘slice of life’ / alternative, indie pieces, however the stories with the clearest ‘moments’ of leadership and tension in terms of women’s experiences, are the ones following a conventional story line / plot and with rich narrative and dialogue.
  • Written after 1980 (or maybe 1970?). The pre-1980 pieces I’ve read are either exclusively focused on women’s rights (second wave feminism) or are so well-known & loved (think Jane Eyre, Pride & Prejudice, Gone With the Wind, Middlemarch) that I feel there is little room to be creative/untraditional in exploring them; it’s almost like desecrating something holy.

Recent Reading Endeavours

1. The Invention of Wings by Sue Monk Kidd


Applicability Rating: 9/10

Relevant Themes: Authenticity, expectations & perceptions, overcoming obstacles

Key Thoughts: This is a truly beautiful story which traces the events of Sarah Grimke's life & how she 'invents her wings' as both an abolitionist speaker and a women's rights activist. It is a story of overcoming the expectations and roles society traps/enslaves you in. Narrated from both Sarah and Hetty's perspectives, The Invention of Wings is simplistic in its thematic concerns & yet powerful in the way it thoughtfully examines injustice, hypocrisy, and authenticity. No easy resolutions are proposed, and in fact, it ends rather abruptly, especially considering how long was spent on Sarah & Hetty’s childhood. However, for me at least, I enjoyed how it explored what it means to find one’s own ‘authentic self’ in the mess of societal expectations and when evil is masked by 'righteousness' and tradition. I particularly love that Sarah is not a heroine in the conventional, kicking-ass sense. She makes poor decisions and is, at times, hindered by almost debilitating fear and anxiety. For me, the most profound moment of the novel is when she observes (after so long searching for her purpose) that: "What I feared was the immensity of it all - a female abolition agent traveling the country...I wanted to say, Who am I to do this, a woman? But that voice was not mine. It was Father's voice. It was Thomas'. It belonged to Israel, to Catherine, and to Mother. It belonged to the church in Charleston and the Quakers. It would not, if I could help it, belong to me" (p. 320).



2. Welcome to Thebes by Moira Buffini


Applicability Rating: 8/10

Relevant Themes: Power & Status, women's leadership, crisis situations, peace & war

Key Thoughts: Set in the present day but inspired by ancient myth, Welcome to Thebes offers a passionate exploration of an encounter between the world's richest (Athens) and the world's poorest (Thebes) countries in the aftermath of a brutal war.

This play encompasses so much more than women's leadership in its stark & brutal portrayal of war torn 'Thebes' (an unnamed African nation). However, in choosing to make the elected democratic cabinet all female (with one ‘token’ man) and led by a new female president, Moira Buffini explores the double-bind that women face in positions of leadership and the ways their positions of power are challenged by men and women alike.



3. The Matter of Seggri by Ursula K. Le Guin


Applicability Rating: 7.5/10

Relevant Themes: Gender role reversal, matriarchal society, female superiority, collaboration between women

Key ThoughtsIn this thought-provoking science fiction story, Le Guin experiments with gender roles, imagining a matriarchal society where traditional signs of male superiority – strength, aggression, competitiveness, sexual dominance – signify social inferiority. By deconstructing the warrior identity and masculine traits commonly idealised by Western society and asking what would a society be like if the male sex were only used for pleasure & pro-creation, Le Guin works towards a reconciliation of the sexes.
Disturbing, satirical, and at times sexually explicit, Le Guin touches on both the negative and positive aspects of an all-female run society. Unfortunately, due to its sexual overtones and explicit language, it's not likely to be a story that everyone will enjoy. There is also a lack of character development as it switches abruptly between different perspectives and stories.


 4. In the Time of the Butterflies by Julia Alvarez


Applicability Rating: 8.5/10

Relevant Themes: Relational leadership between women, courage & ambition, authentic leadership & followership

Key Thoughts: I thoroughly enjoyed this book! I had no prior knowledge of the Mirabal sisters and their tragic death, but Alvarez vividly portrays their lives and the events leading up to their assassination during Trujillo's dictatorship in the Dominican Republic in stunning detail. A few of the particularly pertinent discussion points include the development of solidarity between women and what it means to 'have courage' and to become courageous. What contextual factors contribute to the process of 'becoming' a leader, and particularly, a female leader? 

In a postscript at the end of the novel titled 'Still Time for Butterflies', Julia Alvarez writes:

“Often when we read about brave women like the Mirabal sisters, we think that in order to advance the cause of freedom we have to do grand things. But in fact, if we look at the lives of these four sisters, we realise that all of them came to their courage in small, incremental steps, little moments and challenges we all face every day of our lives. In some ways, we become brave, almost by accident. Something happens and we respond to that challenge courageously and compassionately. But really, all along the way to that something big happening, we’ve been cultivating a compassionate heart, a listening and big-hearted imagination. And one of the ways to cultivate such an elastic and inclusive imagination is by reading books.”  




And this is what my reading list looks like now! Yay!!

Title:
Author:
Year:
Type:
A Room of One’s Own
Virginia Woolf
1926
Extended essay
The Poisonwood Bible
Barbara Kingslover
1998
Novel
The Women’s Room
Marilyn French
1977
Novel
Top Girls
Caryl Churchill
1982
Play
The Secret Life of Bees
Sue Monk Kidd
2002
Novel
The Group
Mary McCarthy
1963
Novel
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
Muriel Spark
1969
Novel
Cousins
Patricia Grace
1998
NZ Fiction
Their Eyes Were Watching God
Zora Neale Hurston
1937
Novel
The Left Hand of Darkness
Ursula Le Guin
1969
Sci-fi Novel
How to Be Both
Ali Smith
2014
Novel
Outline
Rachel Cusk
2010
Novel
The Real & The Unreal: Short Stories
Ursula Le Guin

Sci-fi Short Stories
Welcome to Thebes
Moira Buffini
2010
Play
The Woman in the Window
Alana De Greon
1998
Play
Pax
Deborah Levy
1985
Play
girl.
Megan Mostyn-Brown
2004
Play
The Red Tent
Anita Diamant
1997
Novel
In the Time of Butterflies
Julia Alvarez
1994
Novel
Olive Kitteridge
Elizabeth Strout
2008
Novel
The Lifeboat
Charlotte Rogan
2012
Novel
The Invention of Wings
Sue Monk Kidd
2014
Novel
The Miniaturist
Jessie Burton
2014
Novel


Wednesday, 12 August 2015

On the Road


I’ve discovered that I’m an abominable (or superlative – depending on how you look at it!) skim reader. Imagine a speedboat riding along the waves/pages so fast that you are barely touching the surface of the water/words. This is a good thing, at present, although perhaps a habit I will later regret? Anyway, I’ve read almost 3 novels (300 pages approx. each) in the last 4 days (and that’s with work and weekend commitments!). I would estimate that I can read a full novel of that size in probably less than four hours without disturbances. Textbooks are bit trickier – although my tactic with them is to highlight and post-it note until kingdom come! Meticulously going over them later and typing up each underlined sentence.

The direction I’m taking with my thesis has changed somewhat over the last week. Although I was hesitant at first to focus solely on women’s leadership, especially since authentic leadership was/still is something I’m quite passionate about and interested in, in terms of creating excellent discussion material and contributing to feminist discourse within business and leadership studies, refining my focus seems like the best course of action. Furthermore, finding good literature with strong female characters which also contained examples of ‘authentic’ leadership moments was proving tricky!

This doesn’t mean that at least one of the stories I select can’t be concerned with authentic leadership and how women enact it and experience it (I’m thinking The Secret Life of Bees!), but rather that I’ll have the freedom to utilise both a wider range of literary texts and make the whole study more provocative, topical and hopefully less ‘fluffy’/feel good – I don’t want to simply provide nicely packaged ‘right’ answers. Thus, the focus will be more on women’s leadership development rather than authentic leadership lessons.

With this in mind I’m in the process of re-defining my criteria for the selection of texts. For example: “Novels, short stories, and plays that raise contemporary leadership issues outside the bounds of traditional business case studies and are particularly concerned with the experiences of women, not only in relation to one another but also in relation to men. The narratives must create tension, raising pertinent questions and concerns about women’s leadership, and thus facilitating discussion on a diverse range of issues such as expectations & perceptions, female stereotypes, communal/relational leadership, feminism, working mothers, post-heroic leadership, authenticity, etc…”

Since the semester started four weeks ago I think now is as good a time as any to evaluate my progress. Obviously I’ve read a much broader range of material (see end list) than I am presenting here, but for time’s sake here are the possibilities so far (including an applicability rating, the relevant ‘women in leadership’ themes & a few thoughts on how each text could be used/discussion points):

1.       The Poisonwood Bible by Barbara Kingslover


Applicability Rating: 6.5/10

Relevant Themes: Power + status, crisis situations, followership

Key thoughts: Examples of leadership in crisis, personal reflection, patriarchal domination, women's struggles and position relative to men. Only concern is that the material is much weightier than would be suited to a management course, and subjecting it to corporate scrutiny would overpower its more subtle, yet equally powerful elements (such as racial tensions).



2.       The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark


Applicability rating: 6/10

Relevant Themes: Female ambition, power relationships between women, unsettling role models

Key Thoughts: I initially didn’t enjoy this novel and, to be honest, I still don’t think I like it very much (Jean Brodie is just…ugh!!). But the story does say some very interesting things about power and independence, expectations and perceptions, and what happens to women who act outside the bounds of societal convention. So while Miss Brodie is rather unlikable, her methods are unconventional (at least for the time period she is situated in), and thus worthy of discussion; i.e. what should young women be taught? How do female role models influence students? What power dynamics exist between women? 

 3.       The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd


Applicability Rating: 8/10

Relevant Themes: Authentic leadership & engagement, racial issues & women

Key Thoughts: A clear work environment (the honey business) where there is leadership and followership between women. August Boatwright exemplifies authentic leadership in its fullest sense, i.e. heart leadership, solid values, passionate engagement, self-discipline. Since the story is told from perspective of Lily, I could investigate how women respond to authentic leadership and female support.



4.       Sur by Ursula K. Le Guin


Applicability Rating: 8/10

Relevant Themes: Communal leadership, post-heroic leadership, expectations

Key Thoughts: A party of 9 women head to Antarctica in 1910 unbeknownst to almost any men, they explore the freezing territory for over 3 months and work as a team to accomplish their exploration, all of which goes completely unacknowledged as it wouldn't be acceptable (or even believable!) for women to have done this alone. It presents a range of examples of teamwork, leadership moving between group members, authentic engagement, the unique problems they encounter as women and the continual struggle to be accepted in a ‘man’s world’.



5.       A Room of One’s Own by Virginia Woolf


Applicability Rating: 7/10

Relevant Themes: Conditions for female leadership & examples of the social constructionism of gender.

Key Thoughts: This is a pioneering feminist text. While it is a non-fiction piece, Woolf examines in  detail the struggles faced by women in a world dominated by patriarchy, asking: “What does it require and mean for a woman to be successful? Can she ever be equal with the ‘dominant’ sex? How can she come into her own [as a writer and as a leader]?” Woolf uses a range of novels as examples to illustrate her point so it could work as part of my study if I picked out certain portions (mostly located in the latter half of the book) for analysis. Virginia Woolf is not very well read these days so most women (apart from literature buffs) are unlikely to have encountered her work in any great depth, and if they have, more likely one of her novels, such as Mrs Dalloway of To the Lighthouse.


 6.       The Lifeboat by Charlotte Rogan


Applicability Rating: 9/10

Relevant Themes: Power & status, crisis situations, styles of leadership, the role of followers

Key Thoughts: Set in 1914 just as war is breaking out in Europe, a group of 39 men & women find themselves on a lifeboat only meant for 30 fighting for their lives. Told from the perspective of Grace (age 22) the novel explores the struggle for survival and leadership between Mr Hardie and Hannah & Mrs Grant. Grace, the protagonist, cleverly observes the leadership crisis and subsequent struggle for power between the men and women stranded on a lifeboat. At times both a supporter of Hardie and Mrs Grant, Grace sheds light on the human need for control and the power held by 'followers' in saving or damning their leaders. What is truly valuable about this novel is that it highlights the struggles women face as leaders and how when they emulate masculine styles of leadership and authority (making difficult life and death decisions) they are punished. Regardless of the time-setting, The Lifeboat is equally as applicable to today's society as 1914 America. Definitely a winner!



7.       The Red Tent by Anita Diamant


Applicability Rating: 7.5/10

Relevant Themes: Maternal leadership, working mothers, female support networks, decision-making

Key Thoughts: This book is a rich portrayal of womanhood and contains a huge array of well-developed female characters. While the focus is on motherhood and the bonds between women rather than leadership per say, The Red Tent's universal themes and linear narrative lends itself to discussion on the 'power of women' and the importance of female relationships and support. How do women interact with one another when there are clear power boundaries? How does age influence leadership dynamics between women? Dinah's grandmother, Rebekah, is an example of a strong, perhaps almost masculine leader (see pages 147 - 166) who makes hard decisions which are often criticised. Yet at the same time she is also deeply perceptive and caring of those around her. Rebekah’s section may raise some good discussion points.



Other books I’ve read but have given low applicability ratings:
·         The Group by Mary McCarthy
·         Outline by Rachel Cusk
·         The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin
·         The Aviator’s Wife
·         Olive Kitteridge by Elizabeth Strout

As far as textbooks go, I’ve read a couple of anthologies for women’s plays and modern literature, along with a complete psychology textbook by Mary Crawford called Transformations: Women, Gender & Psychology (2012) to give me a reference point and basic understanding of current women’s issues and the nature vs. nurture argument. I’m currently reading three other scholarly texts, including Women’s Leadership (2009) by Valerie Stead and Carole Elliot, The Future of Feminism (2011) by Sylvia Walby, and Through the Labyrinth: The Truth about How Women Become Leaders (2007) by Alice H. Eagly and Linda L. Carli. I hope to finish these by the end of this week, along with at least two more novels.

All in all, I feel this is quite a good effort for just four weeks of study! I’m going to give myself three more weeks of reading before I start writing seriously. This should give me time to read at least 7 more novels/plays and finish investigating women’s leadership from an academic standpoint.

From there the road will take an upward slant and I will start on the path leading to the summit (yay for mountain analogies!).